SYNOPSIS
$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes
DESCRIPTION
A gitattributes
file is a simple text file that gives
attributes
to pathnames.
Each line in gitattributes
file is of form:
pattern attr1 attr2 ...
That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list, separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are ignored. Lines that begin with # are ignored. Patterns that begin with a double quote are quoted in C style. When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to the path.
Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:
- Set
-
The path has the attribute with special value "true"; this is specified by listing only the name of the attribute in the attribute list.
- Unset
-
The path has the attribute with special value "false"; this is specified by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with a dash
-
in the attribute list. - Set to a value
-
The path has the attribute with specified string value; this is specified by listing the name of the attribute followed by an equal sign
=
and its value in the attribute list. - Unspecified
-
No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if the path has or does not have the attribute, the attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.
When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per attribute.
The rules by which the pattern matches paths are the same as in
.gitignore
files (see gitignore(5)), with a few exceptions:
-
negative patterns are forbidden
-
patterns that match a directory do not recursively match paths inside that directory (so using the trailing-slash
path/
syntax is pointless in an attributes file; usepath/
** instead)
When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git
consults $GIT_DIR/info/attributes
file (which has the highest
precedence), .gitattributes
file in the same directory as the
path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the
work tree (the further the directory that contains .gitattributes
is from the path in question, the lower its precedence). Finally
global and system-wide files are considered (they have the lowest
precedence).
When the .gitattributes
file is missing from the work tree, the
path in the index is used as a fall-back. During checkout process,
.gitattributes
in the index is used and then the file in the
working tree is used as a fall-back.
If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign
attributes to files that are particular to
one user’s workflow for that repository), then
attributes should be placed in the $GIT_DIR/info/attributes
file.
Attributes which should be version-controlled and distributed to other
repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should go into
.gitattributes
files. Attributes that should affect all repositories
for a single user should be placed in a file specified by the
core.attributesFile
configuration option (see git-config(1)).
Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME
is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/attributes is used instead.
Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the
$
(prefix
)/etc/gitattributes
file.
Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute
for a path to Unspecified
state. This can be done by listing
the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point !.
RESERVED BUILTIN_* ATTRIBUTES
builtin_* is a reserved namespace for builtin attribute values. Any user defined attributes under this namespace will be ignored and trigger a warning.
builtin_objectmode
This attribute is for filtering files by their file bit modes (40000,
120000, 160000, 100755, 100644). e.g. :(attr:builtin_objectmode=160000).
You may also check these values with git
check-attr
builtin_objectmode
--
<file>.
If the object is not in the index git
check-attr
--cached
will return unspecified.
EFFECTS
Certain operations by Git can be influenced by assigning particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following operations are attributes-aware.
Checking-out and checking-in
These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands such as git switch, git checkout and git merge run. They also affect how Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the repository upon git add and git commit.
text
This attribute marks the path as a text file, which enables end-of-line
conversion: When a matching file is added to the index, the file’s line
endings are normalized to LF in the index. Conversely, when the file is
copied from the index to the working directory, its line endings may be
converted from LF to CRLF depending on the eol
attribute, the Git
config, and the platform (see explanation of eol
below).
- Set
-
Setting the
text
attribute on a path enables end-of-line conversion on checkin and checkout as described above. Line endings are normalized to LF in the index every time the file is checked in, even if the file was previously added to Git with CRLF line endings. - Unset
-
Unsetting the
text
attribute on a path tells Git not to attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout. - Set to string value "auto"
-
When
text
is set to "auto", Git decides by itself whether the file is text or binary. If it is text and the file was not already in Git with CRLF endings, line endings are converted on checkin and checkout as described above. Otherwise, no conversion is done on checkin or checkout. - Unspecified
-
If the
text
attribute is unspecified, Git uses thecore.autocrlf
configuration variable to determine if the file should be converted.
Any other value causes Git to act as if text
has been left
unspecified.
eol
This attribute marks a path to use a specific line-ending style in the
working tree when it is checked out. It has effect only if text
or
text=auto
is set (see above), but specifying eol
automatically sets
text
if text
was left unspecified.
- Set to string value "crlf"
-
This setting converts the file’s line endings in the working directory to CRLF when the file is checked out.
- Set to string value "lf"
-
This setting uses the same line endings in the working directory as in the index when the file is checked out.
- Unspecified
-
If the
eol
attribute is unspecified for a file, its line endings in the working directory are determined by thecore.autocrlf
orcore.eol
configuration variable (see the definitions of those options in git-config(1)). Iftext
is set but neither of those variables is, the default iseol=crlf
on Windows andeol=lf
on all other platforms.
Backwards compatibility with crlf
attribute
For backwards compatibility, the crlf
attribute is interpreted as
follows:
crlf text -crlf -text crlf=input eol=lf
End-of-line conversion
While Git normally leaves file contents alone, it can be configured to normalize line endings to LF in the repository and, optionally, to convert them to CRLF when files are checked out.
If you simply want to have CRLF line endings in your working directory regardless of the repository you are working with, you can set the config variable "core.autocrlf" without using any attributes.
[core] autocrlf = true
This does not force normalization of text files, but does ensure that text files that you introduce to the repository have their line endings normalized to LF when they are added, and that files that are already normalized in the repository stay normalized.
If you want to ensure that text files that any contributor introduces to
the repository have their line endings normalized, you can set the
text
attribute to "auto" for all files.
* text=auto
The attributes allow a fine-grained control, how the line endings are converted. Here is an example that will make Git normalize .txt, .vcproj and .sh files, ensure that .vcproj files have CRLF and .sh files have LF in the working directory, and prevent .jpg files from being normalized regardless of their content.
* text=auto *.txt text *.vcproj text eol=crlf *.sh text eol=lf *.jpg -text
Note
|
When text=auto conversion is enabled in a cross-platform
project using push and pull to a central repository the text files
containing CRLFs should be normalized.
|
From a clean working directory:
$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes $ git add --renormalize . $ git status # Show files that will be normalized $ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization"
If any files that should not be normalized show up in git status,
unset their text
attribute before running git add -u.
manual.pdf -text
Conversely, text files that Git does not detect can have normalization enabled manually.
weirdchars.txt text
If core.safecrlf
is set to "true" or "warn", Git verifies if
the conversion is reversible for the current setting of
core.autocrlf
. For "true", Git rejects irreversible
conversions; for "warn", Git only prints a warning but accepts
an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such
a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a
few exceptions. Even though…
-
git add itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would, so the safety triggers;
-
git apply to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger;
-
git diff itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is often run to inspect the changes you intend to next git add. To catch potential problems early, safety triggers.
working-tree-encoding
Git recognizes files encoded in ASCII or one of its supersets (e.g. UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, …) as text files. Files encoded in certain other encodings (e.g. UTF-16) are interpreted as binary and consequently built-in Git text processing tools (e.g. git diff) as well as most Git web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files by default.
In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working
directory with the working-tree-encoding
attribute. If a file with this
attribute is added to Git, then Git re-encodes the content from the
specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git stores the UTF-8 encoded
content in its internal data structure (called "the index"). On checkout
the content is re-encoded back to the specified encoding.
Please note that using the working-tree-encoding
attribute may have a
number of pitfalls:
-
Alternative Git implementations (e.g. JGit or libgit2) and older Git versions (as of March 2018) do not support the
working-tree-encoding
attribute. If you decide to use theworking-tree-encoding
attribute in your repository, then it is strongly recommended to ensure that all clients working with the repository support it.For example, Microsoft Visual Studio resources files (*.
rc
) or PowerShell script files (*.ps1
) are sometimes encoded in UTF-16. If you declare *.ps1
as files as UTF-16 and you addfoo.ps1
with aworking-tree-encoding
enabled Git client, thenfoo.ps1
will be stored as UTF-8 internally. A client withoutworking-tree-encoding
support will checkoutfoo.ps1
as UTF-8 encoded file. This will typically cause trouble for the users of this file.If a Git client that does not support the
working-tree-encoding
attribute adds a new filebar.ps1
, thenbar.ps1
will be stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16). A client withworking-tree-encoding
support will interpret the internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout. That operation will fail and cause an error. -
Reencoding content to non-UTF encodings can cause errors as the conversion might not be UTF-8 round trip safe. If you suspect your encoding to not be round trip safe, then add it to
core.checkRoundtripEncoding
to make Git check the round trip encoding (see git-config(1)). SHIFT-JIS (Japanese character set) is known to have round trip issues with UTF-8 and is checked by default. -
Reencoding content requires resources that might slow down certain Git operations (e.g git checkout or git add).
Use the working-tree-encoding
attribute only if you cannot store a file
in UTF-8 encoding and if you want Git to be able to process the content
as text.
As an example, use the following attributes if your *.ps1 files are UTF-16 encoded with byte order mark (BOM) and you want Git to perform automatic line ending conversion based on your platform.
*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16
Use the following attributes if your *.ps1 files are UTF-16 little
endian encoded without BOM and you want Git to use Windows line endings
in the working directory (use UTF-16LE-BOM
instead of UTF-16LE
if
you want UTF-16 little endian with BOM).
Please note, it is highly recommended to
explicitly define the line endings with eol
if the working-tree-encoding
attribute is used to avoid ambiguity.
*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE eol=crlf
You can get a list of all available encodings on your platform with the following command:
iconv --list
If you do not know the encoding of a file, then you can use the file
command to guess the encoding:
file foo.ps1
ident
When the attribute ident
is set for a path, Git replaces
$Id$
in the blob object with $Id:
, followed by the
40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar
sign $
upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with
$Id:
and ends with $
in the worktree file is replaced
with $Id$
upon check-in.
filter
A filter
attribute can be set to a string value that names a
filter driver specified in the configuration.
A filter driver consists of a clean
command and a smudge
command, either of which can be left unspecified. Upon
checkout, when the smudge
command is specified, the command is
fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard
output is used to update the worktree file. Similarly, the
clean
command is used to convert the contents of worktree file
upon checkin. By default these commands process only a single
blob and terminate. If a long running process
filter is used
in place of clean
and/or smudge
filters, then Git can process
all blobs with a single filter command invocation for the entire
life of a single Git command, for example git
add
--all
. If a
long running process
filter is configured then it always takes
precedence over a configured single blob filter. See section
below for the description of the protocol used to communicate with
a process
filter.
One use of the content filtering is to massage the content into a shape that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and the user to use. For this mode of operation, the key phrase here is "more convenient" and not "turning something unusable into usable". In other words, the intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project should still be usable.
Another use of the content filtering is to store the content that cannot be directly used in the repository (e.g. a UUID that refers to the true content stored outside Git, or an encrypted content) and turn it into a usable form upon checkout (e.g. download the external content, or decrypt the encrypted content).
These two filters behave differently, and by default, a filter is taken as the former, massaging the contents into more convenient shape. A missing filter driver definition in the config, or a filter driver that exits with a non-zero status, is not an error but makes the filter a no-op passthru.
You can declare that a filter turns a content that by itself is unusable
into a usable content by setting the filter.<driver>.required configuration
variable to true
.
Note: Whenever the clean filter is changed, the repo should be renormalized: $ git add --renormalize .
For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the filter
attribute for paths.
*.c filter=indent
Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge" configuration in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to modify the contents of C programs when the source files are checked in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is made because the command is "cat").
[filter "indent"] clean = indent smudge = cat
For best results, clean
should not alter its output further if it is
run twice ("clean→clean" should be equivalent to "clean"), and
multiple smudge
commands should not alter clean
's output
("smudge→smudge→clean" should be equivalent to "clean"). See the
section on merging below.
The "indent" filter is well-behaved in this regard: it will not modify input that is already correctly indented. In this case, the lack of a smudge filter means that the clean filter must accept its own output without modifying it.
If a filter must succeed in order to make the stored contents usable,
you can declare that the filter is required
, in the configuration:
[filter "crypt"] clean = openssl enc ... smudge = openssl enc -d ... required
Sequence "%f" on the filter command line is replaced with the name of the file the filter is working on. A filter might use this in keyword substitution. For example:
[filter "p4"] clean = git-p4-filter --clean %f smudge = git-p4-filter --smudge %f
Note that "%f" is the name of the path that is being worked on. Depending on the version that is being filtered, the corresponding file on disk may not exist, or may have different contents. So, smudge and clean commands should not try to access the file on disk, but only act as filters on the content provided to them on standard input.
Long Running Filter Process
If the filter command (a string value) is defined via
filter.
<driver>.process
then Git can process all blobs with a
single filter invocation for the entire life of a single Git
command. This is achieved by using the long-running process protocol
(described in technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt).
When Git encounters the first file that needs to be cleaned or smudged, it starts the filter and performs the handshake. In the handshake, the welcome message sent by Git is "git-filter-client", only version 2 is supported, and the supported capabilities are "clean", "smudge", and "delay".
Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet. The list will contain at least the filter command (based on the supported capabilities) and the pathname of the file to filter relative to the repository root. Right after the flush packet Git sends the content split in zero or more pkt-line packets and a flush packet to terminate content. Please note, that the filter must not send any response before it received the content and the final flush packet. Also note that the "value" of a "key=value" pair can contain the "=" character whereas the key would never contain that character.
packet: git> command=smudge packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat packet: git> 0000 packet: git> CONTENT packet: git> 0000
The filter is expected to respond with a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet. If the filter does not experience problems then the list must contain a "success" status. Right after these packets the filter is expected to send the content in zero or more pkt-line packets and a flush packet at the end. Finally, a second list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet is expected. The filter can change the status in the second list or keep the status as is with an empty list. Please note that the empty list must be terminated with a flush packet regardless.
packet: git< status=success packet: git< 0000 packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT packet: git< 0000 packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
If the result content is empty then the filter is expected to respond with a "success" status and a flush packet to signal the empty content.
packet: git< status=success packet: git< 0000 packet: git< 0000 # empty content! packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content, it is expected to respond with an "error" status.
packet: git< status=error packet: git< 0000
If the filter experiences an error during processing, then it can send the status "error" after the content was (partially or completely) sent.
packet: git< status=success packet: git< 0000 packet: git< HALF_WRITTEN_ERRONEOUS_CONTENT packet: git< 0000 packet: git< status=error packet: git< 0000
In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content as well as any future content for the lifetime of the Git process, then it is expected to respond with an "abort" status at any point in the protocol.
packet: git< status=abort packet: git< 0000
Git neither stops nor restarts the filter process in case the
"error"/"abort" status is set. However, Git sets its exit code
according to the filter.
<driver>.required
flag, mimicking the
behavior of the filter.
<driver>.clean
/ filter.
<driver>.smudge
mechanism.
If the filter dies during the communication or does not adhere to
the protocol then Git will stop the filter process and restart it
with the next file that needs to be processed. Depending on the
filter.
<driver>.required
flag Git will interpret that as error.
Delay
If the filter supports the "delay" capability, then Git can send the flag "can-delay" after the filter command and pathname. This flag denotes that the filter can delay filtering the current blob (e.g. to compensate network latencies) by responding with no content but with the status "delayed" and a flush packet.
packet: git> command=smudge packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat packet: git> can-delay=1 packet: git> 0000 packet: git> CONTENT packet: git> 0000 packet: git< status=delayed packet: git< 0000
If the filter supports the "delay" capability then it must support the "list_available_blobs" command. If Git sends this command, then the filter is expected to return a list of pathnames representing blobs that have been delayed earlier and are now available. The list must be terminated with a flush packet followed by a "success" status that is also terminated with a flush packet. If no blobs for the delayed paths are available, yet, then the filter is expected to block the response until at least one blob becomes available. The filter can tell Git that it has no more delayed blobs by sending an empty list. As soon as the filter responds with an empty list, Git stops asking. All blobs that Git has not received at this point are considered missing and will result in an error.
packet: git> command=list_available_blobs packet: git> 0000 packet: git< pathname=path/testfile.dat packet: git< pathname=path/otherfile.dat packet: git< 0000 packet: git< status=success packet: git< 0000
After Git received the pathnames, it will request the corresponding blobs again. These requests contain a pathname and an empty content section. The filter is expected to respond with the smudged content in the usual way as explained above.
packet: git> command=smudge packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat packet: git> 0000 packet: git> 0000 # empty content! packet: git< status=success packet: git< 0000 packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT packet: git< 0000 packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
Example
A long running filter demo implementation can be found in
contrib/long-running-filter/example.pl
located in the Git
core repository. If you develop your own long running filter
process then the GIT_TRACE_PACKET
environment variables can be
very helpful for debugging (see git(1)).
Please note that you cannot use an existing filter.
<driver>.clean
or filter.
<driver>.smudge
command with filter.
<driver>.process
because the former two use a different inter process communication
protocol than the latter one.
Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
In the check-in codepath, the worktree file is first converted
with filter
driver (if specified and corresponding driver
defined), then the result is processed with ident
(if
specified), and then finally with text
(again, if specified
and applicable).
In the check-out codepath, the blob content is first converted
with text
, and then ident
and fed to filter
.
Merging branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes
If you have added attributes to a file that cause the canonical repository format for that file to change, such as adding a clean/smudge filter or text/eol/ident attributes, merging anything where the attribute is not in place would normally cause merge conflicts.
To prevent these unnecessary merge conflicts, Git can be told to run a
virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages of a file when
resolving a three-way merge by setting the merge.renormalize
configuration variable. This prevents changes caused by check-in
conversion from causing spurious merge conflicts when a converted file
is merged with an unconverted file.
As long as a "smudge→clean" results in the same output as a "clean" even on files that are already smudged, this strategy will automatically resolve all filter-related conflicts. Filters that do not act in this way may cause additional merge conflicts that must be resolved manually.
Generating diff text
diff
The attribute diff
affects how Git generates diffs for particular
files. It can tell Git whether to generate a textual patch for the path
or to treat the path as a binary file. It can also affect what line is
shown on the hunk header @@
-k,l
+n,m
@@
line, tell Git to use an
external command to generate the diff, or ask Git to convert binary
files to a text format before generating the diff.
- Set
-
A path to which the
diff
attribute is set is treated as text, even when they contain byte values that normally never appear in text files, such as NUL. - Unset
-
A path to which the
diff
attribute is unset will generateBinary
files
differ
(or a binary patch, if binary patches are enabled). - Unspecified
-
A path to which the
diff
attribute is unspecified first gets its contents inspected, and if it looks like text and is smaller than core.bigFileThreshold, it is treated as text. Otherwise it would generateBinary
files
differ
. - String
-
Diff is shown using the specified diff driver. Each driver may specify one or more options, as described in the following section. The options for the diff driver "foo" are defined by the configuration variables in the "diff.foo" section of the Git config file.
Defining an external diff driver
The definition of a diff driver is done in gitconfig
, not
gitattributes
file, so strictly speaking this manual page is a
wrong place to talk about it. However…
To define an external diff driver jcdiff
, add a section to your
$GIT_DIR/config
file (or $HOME/.gitconfig
file) like this:
[diff "jcdiff"] command = j-c-diff
When Git needs to show you a diff for the path with diff
attribute set to jcdiff
, it calls the command you specified
with the above configuration, i.e. j-c-diff
, with 7
parameters, just like GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
program is called.
See git(1) for details.
If the program is able to ignore certain changes (similar to
git
diff
--ignore-space-change
), then also set the option
trustExitCode
to true. It is then expected to return exit code 1 if
it finds significant changes and 0 if it doesn’t.
Setting the internal diff algorithm
The diff algorithm can be set through the diff.algorithm
config key, but
sometimes it may be helpful to set the diff algorithm per path. For example,
one may want to use the minimal
diff algorithm for .json files, and the
histogram
for .c files, and so on without having to pass in the algorithm
through the command line each time.
First, in .gitattributes
, assign the diff
attribute for paths.
*.json diff=<name>
Then, define a "diff.<name>.algorithm" configuration to specify the diff
algorithm, choosing from myers
, patience
, minimal
, or histogram
.
[diff "<name>"] algorithm = histogram
This diff algorithm applies to user facing diff output like git-diff(1),
git-show(1) and is used for the --stat
output as well. The merge machinery
will not use the diff algorithm set through this method.
Note
|
If diff. <name>.command is defined for path with the
diff= <name> attribute, it is executed as an external diff driver
(see above), and adding diff. <name>.algorithm has no effect, as the
algorithm is not passed to the external diff driver.
|
Defining a custom hunk-header
Each group of changes (called a "hunk") in the textual diff output is prefixed with a line of the form:
@@ -k,l +n,m @@ TEXT
This is called a hunk header. The "TEXT" portion is by default a line that begins with an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign; this matches what GNU diff -p output uses. This default selection however is not suited for some contents, and you can use a customized pattern to make a selection.
First, in .gitattributes, you would assign the diff
attribute
for paths.
*.tex diff=tex
Then, you would define a "diff.tex.xfuncname" configuration to
specify a regular expression that matches a line that you would
want to appear as the hunk header "TEXT". Add a section to your
$GIT_DIR/config
file (or $HOME/.gitconfig
file) like this:
[diff "tex"] xfuncname = "^(\\\\(sub)*section\\{.*)$"
Note. A single level of backslashes are eaten by the
configuration file parser, so you would need to double the
backslashes; the pattern above picks a line that begins with a
backslash, and zero or more occurrences of sub
followed by
section
followed by open brace, to the end of line.
There are a few built-in patterns to make this easier, and tex
is one of them, so you do not have to write the above in your
configuration file (you still need to enable this with the
attribute mechanism, via .gitattributes
). The following built in
patterns are available:
-
ada
suitable for source code in the Ada language. -
bash
suitable for source code in the Bourne-Again SHell language. Covers a superset of POSIX shell function definitions. -
bibtex
suitable for files with BibTeX coded references. -
cpp
suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages. -
csharp
suitable for source code in the C# language. -
css
suitable for cascading style sheets. -
dts
suitable for devicetree (DTS) files. -
elixir
suitable for source code in the Elixir language. -
fortran
suitable for source code in the Fortran language. -
fountain
suitable for Fountain documents. -
golang
suitable for source code in the Go language. -
html
suitable for HTML/XHTML documents. -
java
suitable for source code in the Java language. -
kotlin
suitable for source code in the Kotlin language. -
markdown
suitable for Markdown documents. -
matlab
suitable for source code in the MATLAB and Octave languages. -
objc
suitable for source code in the Objective-C language. -
pascal
suitable for source code in the Pascal/Delphi language. -
perl
suitable for source code in the Perl language. -
php
suitable for source code in the PHP language. -
python
suitable for source code in the Python language. -
ruby
suitable for source code in the Ruby language. -
rust
suitable for source code in the Rust language. -
scheme
suitable for source code in the Scheme language. -
tex
suitable for source code for LaTeX documents.
Customizing word diff
You can customize the rules that git
diff
--word-diff
uses to
split words in a line, by specifying an appropriate regular expression
in the "diff.*.wordRegex" configuration variable. For example, in TeX
a backslash followed by a sequence of letters forms a command, but
several such commands can be run together without intervening
whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression in your
$GIT_DIR/config
file (or $HOME/.gitconfig
file) like this:
[diff "tex"] wordRegex = "\\\\[a-zA-Z]+|[{}]|\\\\.|[^\\{}[:space:]]+"
A built-in pattern is provided for all languages listed in the previous section.
Performing text diffs of binary files
Sometimes it is desirable to see the diff of a text-converted version of some binary files. For example, a word processor document can be converted to an ASCII text representation, and the diff of the text shown. Even though this conversion loses some information, the resulting diff is useful for human viewing (but cannot be applied directly).
The textconv
config option is used to define a program for
performing such a conversion. The program should take a single
argument, the name of a file to convert, and produce the
resulting text on stdout.
For example, to show the diff of the exif information of a
file instead of the binary information (assuming you have the
exif tool installed), add the following section to your
$GIT_DIR/config
file (or $HOME/.gitconfig
file):
[diff "jpg"] textconv = exif
Note
|
The text conversion is generally a one-way conversion;
in this example, we lose the actual image contents and focus
just on the text data. This means that diffs generated by
textconv are not suitable for applying. For this reason,
only git diff and the git log family of commands (i.e.,
log, whatchanged, show) will perform text conversion. git
format-patch will never generate this output. If you want to
send somebody a text-converted diff of a binary file (e.g.,
because it quickly conveys the changes you have made), you
should generate it separately and send it as a comment in
addition to the usual binary diff that you might send.
|
Because text conversion can be slow, especially when doing a
large number of them with git
log
-p
, Git provides a mechanism
to cache the output and use it in future diffs. To enable
caching, set the "cachetextconv" variable in your diff driver’s
config. For example:
[diff "jpg"] textconv = exif cachetextconv = true
This will cache the result of running "exif" on each blob
indefinitely. If you change the textconv config variable for a
diff driver, Git will automatically invalidate the cache entries
and re-run the textconv filter. If you want to invalidate the
cache manually (e.g., because your version of "exif" was updated
and now produces better output), you can remove the cache
manually with git
update-ref
-d
refs/notes/textconv/jpg
(where
"jpg" is the name of the diff driver, as in the example above).
Choosing textconv versus external diff
If you want to show differences between binary or specially-formatted blobs in your repository, you can choose to use either an external diff command, or to use textconv to convert them to a diff-able text format. Which method you choose depends on your exact situation.
The advantage of using an external diff command is flexibility. You are not bound to find line-oriented changes, nor is it necessary for the output to resemble unified diff. You are free to locate and report changes in the most appropriate way for your data format.
A textconv, by comparison, is much more limiting. You provide a transformation of the data into a line-oriented text format, and Git uses its regular diff tools to generate the output. There are several advantages to choosing this method:
-
Ease of use. It is often much simpler to write a binary to text transformation than it is to perform your own diff. In many cases, existing programs can be used as textconv filters (e.g., exif, odt2txt).
-
Git diff features. By performing only the transformation step yourself, you can still utilize many of Git’s diff features, including colorization, word-diff, and combined diffs for merges.
-
Caching. Textconv caching can speed up repeated diffs, such as those you might trigger by running
git
log
-p
.
Marking files as binary
Git usually guesses correctly whether a blob contains text or binary data by examining the beginning of the contents. However, sometimes you may want to override its decision, either because a blob contains binary data later in the file, or because the content, while technically composed of text characters, is opaque to a human reader. For example, many postscript files contain only ASCII characters, but produce noisy and meaningless diffs.
The simplest way to mark a file as binary is to unset the diff
attribute in the .gitattributes
file:
*.ps -diff
This will cause Git to generate Binary
files
differ
(or a binary
patch, if binary patches are enabled) instead of a regular diff.
However, one may also want to specify other diff driver attributes. For
example, you might want to use textconv
to convert postscript files to
an ASCII representation for human viewing, but otherwise treat them as
binary files. You cannot specify both -diff
and diff=ps
attributes.
The solution is to use the diff.
*.binary
config option:
[diff "ps"] textconv = ps2ascii binary = true
Performing a three-way merge
merge
The attribute merge
affects how three versions of a file are
merged when a file-level merge is necessary during git
merge
,
and other commands such as git
revert
and git
cherry-pick
.
- Set
-
Built-in 3-way merge driver is used to merge the contents in a way similar to merge command of
RCS
suite. This is suitable for ordinary text files. - Unset
-
Take the version from the current branch as the tentative merge result, and declare that the merge has conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that do not have a well-defined merge semantics.
- Unspecified
-
By default, this uses the same built-in 3-way merge driver as is the case when the
merge
attribute is set. However, themerge.default
configuration variable can name different merge driver to be used with paths for which themerge
attribute is unspecified. - String
-
3-way merge is performed using the specified custom merge driver. The built-in 3-way merge driver can be explicitly specified by asking for "text" driver; the built-in "take the current branch" driver can be requested with "binary".
Built-in merge drivers
There are a few built-in low-level merge drivers defined that
can be asked for via the merge
attribute.
- text
-
Usual 3-way file level merge for text files. Conflicted regions are marked with conflict markers <<<<<<<,
=======
and >>>>>>>. The version from your branch appears before the=======
marker, and the version from the merged branch appears after the=======
marker. - binary
-
Keep the version from your branch in the work tree, but leave the path in the conflicted state for the user to sort out.
- union
-
Run 3-way file level merge for text files, but take lines from both versions, instead of leaving conflict markers. This tends to leave the added lines in the resulting file in random order and the user should verify the result. Do not use this if you do not understand the implications.
Defining a custom merge driver
The definition of a merge driver is done in the .git/config
file, not in the gitattributes
file, so strictly speaking this
manual page is a wrong place to talk about it. However…
To define a custom merge driver filfre
, add a section to your
$GIT_DIR/config
file (or $HOME/.gitconfig
file) like this:
[merge "filfre"] name = feel-free merge driver driver = filfre %O %A %B %L %P recursive = binary
The merge.
*.name
variable gives the driver a human-readable
name.
The merge.
*.driver
variable’s value is used to construct a
command to run to common ancestor’s version (%O), current
version (%A) and the other branches' version (%B). These
three tokens are replaced with the names of temporary files that
hold the contents of these versions when the command line is
built. Additionally, %L will be replaced with the conflict marker
size (see below).
The merge driver is expected to leave the result of the merge in the file named with %A by overwriting it, and exit with zero status if it managed to merge them cleanly, or non-zero if there were conflicts. When the driver crashes (e.g. killed by SEGV), it is expected to exit with non-zero status that are higher than 128, and in such a case, the merge results in a failure (which is different from producing a conflict).
The merge.
*.recursive
variable specifies what other merge
driver to use when the merge driver is called for an internal
merge between common ancestors, when there are more than one.
When left unspecified, the driver itself is used for both
internal merge and the final merge.
The merge driver can learn the pathname in which the merged result will be stored via placeholder %P. The conflict labels to be used for the common ancestor, local head and other head can be passed by using %S, %X and '%Y` respectively.
conflict-marker-size
This attribute controls the length of conflict markers left in the work tree file during a conflicted merge. Only a positive integer has a meaningful effect.
For example, this line in .gitattributes
can be used to tell the merge
machinery to leave much longer (instead of the usual 7-character-long)
conflict markers when merging the file Documentation/git-merge.txt
results in a conflict.
Documentation/git-merge.txt conflict-marker-size=32
Checking whitespace errors
whitespace
The core.whitespace
configuration variable allows you to define what
diff and apply should consider whitespace errors for all paths in
the project (See git-config(1)). This attribute gives you finer
control per path.
- Set
-
Notice all types of potential whitespace errors known to Git. The tab width is taken from the value of the
core.whitespace
configuration variable. - Unset
-
Do not notice anything as error.
- Unspecified
-
Use the value of the
core.whitespace
configuration variable to decide what to notice as error. - String
-
Specify a comma separated list of common whitespace problems to notice in the same format as the
core.whitespace
configuration variable.
Creating an archive
export-ignore
Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore
won’t be added to
archive files.
export-subst
If the attribute export-subst
is set for a file then Git will expand
several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The
expansion depends on the availability of a commit ID, i.e., if
git-archive(1) has been given a tree instead of a commit or a
tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same
as those for the option --pretty=format:
of git-log(1),
except that they need to be wrapped like this: $Format:PLACEHOLDERS$
in the file. E.g. the string $Format:
%H$ will be replaced by the
commit hash. However, only one %(describe
) placeholder is expanded
per archive to avoid denial-of-service attacks.
Packing objects
delta
Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the
attribute delta
set to false.
Viewing files in GUI tools
encoding
The value of this attribute specifies the character encoding that should be used by GUI tools (e.g. gitk(1) and git-gui(1)) to display the contents of the relevant file. Note that due to performance considerations gitk(1) does not use this attribute unless you manually enable per-file encodings in its options.
If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the
gui.encoding
configuration variable is used instead
(See git-config(1)).
USING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs produced for, any binary file you track. You would need to specify e.g.
*.jpg -text -diff
but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes. Using
macro attributes, you can define an attribute that, when set, also
sets or unsets a number of other attributes at the same time. The
system knows a built-in macro attribute, binary
:
*.jpg binary
Setting the "binary" attribute also unsets the "text" and "diff" attributes as above. Note that macro attributes can only be "Set", though setting one might have the effect of setting or unsetting other attributes or even returning other attributes to the "Unspecified" state.
DEFINING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
Custom macro attributes can be defined only in top-level gitattributes
files ($GIT_DIR/info/attributes
, the .gitattributes
file at the
top level of the working tree, or the global or system-wide
gitattributes files), not in .gitattributes
files in working tree
subdirectories. The built-in macro attribute "binary" is equivalent
to:
[attr]binary -diff -merge -text
NOTES
Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a .gitattributes
file in the working tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file
is accessed from the index or a tree versus from the filesystem.
EXAMPLES
If you have these three gitattributes
file:
(in $GIT_DIR/info/attributes) a* foo !bar -baz (in .gitattributes) abc foo bar baz (in t/.gitattributes) ab* merge=filfre abc -foo -bar *.c frotz
the attributes given to path t/abc
are computed as follows:
-
By examining
t/.gitattributes
(which is in the same directory as the path in question), Git finds that the first line matches.merge
attribute is set. It also finds that the second line matches, and attributesfoo
andbar
are unset. -
Then it examines .
gitattributes
(which is in the parent directory), and finds that the first line matches, butt/.gitattributes
file already decided howmerge
,foo
andbar
attributes should be given to this path, so it leavesfoo
andbar
unset. Attributebaz
is set. -
Finally it examines
$GIT_DIR/info/attributes
. This file is used to override the in-tree settings. The first line is a match, andfoo
is set,bar
is reverted to unspecified state, andbaz
is unset.
As the result, the attributes assignment to t/abc
becomes:
foo set to true bar unspecified baz set to false merge set to string value "filfre" frotz unspecified
SEE ALSO
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite